
Pela primeira vez na história, uma mulher vai comandar a OMC; nigeriana e sul-coreana disputam o cargo
julho 31, 2021
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julho 31, 2021Brasília – Qualquer que seja a escolhida para o cargo de Diretor-Geral da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), ela terá pela frente um desafio muito interessante. Especialmente se considerado que uma nova administração nos Estados Unidos, caso haja uma mudança nos EUA, que poderia levar a um redirecionamento das reuniões da OMC no ano que vem.
A avaliação foi feita por Welber Barrar, sócio-diretor da BarralMJorge Consultores Associados, ao analisar o fato de que pela primeira vez na história a Organização terá uma mulher exercendo o cargo de Diretor-Geral, em substituição ao brasileiro Roberto Azevêdo.
O fato de a nigeriana Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala e a sul-coreana Yoo Myung-hee figurarem como as duas candidatas ao cargo, após um concorrido processo que reuniu mais de uma dezena de candidatos, é considerado por Welber Barral como “uma grande novidade” e uma “inovação muito interessante”.
Na percepção de Verônica Prates, Diretora na BarralMJorge grandes desafios se colocam para a nova comandante da OMC: “entre outros, colocaria não só a postura dos Estados Unidos, mas também a relação com a China, qual vai ser o papel da China, que hoje, ironicamente, é um dos defensores do multilateralismo juntamente com os países europeus. Promover cooperação e diálogo entre esses players será um dos maiores desafios e espero que qualquer uma das duas que vier a ser escolhida tenha habilidade negociadora para isso”.
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala ou Yoo Myung-hee, a que vier a ser eleita terá que enfrentar a grave crise que a OMC enfrenta. Uma crise que não é deste momento e nem mesmo deste ano de pandemia. Para Verônica Prates, “a OMC passa por muitas e diversas crises como a pandemia, guerra comercial EUA-China entre outras e às vezes acabamos perdendo um pouco esse escopo mais amplo. A Organização já vinha sendo questionada pelo fato de não conseguir avançar na Rodada Doha, pela sua própria relevância e pela capacidade de enfrentar a falta de consenso entre os membros e chegar a consensos e resultados concretos”.
A OMC esbarra em dificuldades tanto no tratamento de temas antigos, como por exemplo a questão dos subsídios à pesca, no qual um ator relevante como a Índia exerce sua capacidade de “embarreirar” processos e questionamento surgidos após a eleição de Donald Trump e a postura que os Estados Unidos adotaram com relação à OMC, ao sistema multilateral de comércio e ao comércio de modo geral que contribuíram de forma significativa para erodir a capacidade de ação da instituição.
Verônica Prates chama a atenção para o enfraquecimento do órgão de apelação, que é parte crucial do sistema de solução de controvérsias da OMC: “esse mecanismo é extremamente utilizado inclusive pelos Estados Unidos e é extremamente importante para manter a relevância da Organização e que encontra-se sem funcionar, travado pelo bloqueio à indicação de juízes pelo governo americano. Uma mudança de presidência nos Estados Unidos eventualmente poderá ser um fator relevante para destravar o órgão de apelação e assim garantir o pleno funcionamento do sistema de solução de controvérsia. Além dos EUA, outros parceiros, como a mencionada Índia, também estão se beneficiando desse cenário”.
Além do paralisado sistema de solução de controvérsias, a especialista da BarralMJorge destaca que existem outros novos temas que são vinculados ao comércio e nele têm forte impacto mas que ainda não são plenamente entendidos como parte da obrigações e competências da instituição.
Segundo ela, “são, por exemplo, padrões trabalhistas, questões de sustentabilidade e ambientais que ocupam lugar de destaque na pauta de hoje e que ainda não são completamente incorporados nas discussões da OMC e não existe um entendimento consensual entre os membros sobre qual deve ser o papel da Organização em relação a esses temas”.
Ao abordar os chamados novos temas, ela dedica atenção especial à questão de gênero: “na condição de mulher que trabalha em comércio internacional, fico muito feliz pelo fato de que a OMC terá pela primeira vez uma mulher em sua liderança. As duas candidatas são profissionais com background fortíssimo, com muitas e relevantes experiências em negociações internacionais e uma delas terá esse desafio de trazer de volta a relevância da instituição, batalhar para que o órgão de apelação do sistema de controvérsias volte a funcionar, além de outras questões e do fato de que tudo isso terá que ser feito nesse contexto de pandemia”.
Após destacar que “com relação ao fato de termos pela primeira vez uma mulher dirigindo a OMC, acredito que a questão de gênero tenha desempenhado um papel importante na seleção e tenha sido um dos elementos considerados, ainda que, obviamente, não tenha sido o único e isso reflete um movimento de preocupação com relação à igualdade de gênero que já vem de alguns anos para cá”, Verônica Prates considera bastante positivo o papel desempenhado pela OMC durante a pandemia.
Em sua visão, “a OMC mostrou-se relevante seja por meio de ações por uma maior transparência, pelo aumento das medidas de barreiras, de medidas tanto de facilitação de comércio que são positivas, mas também protecionistas, e também barreiras de comércio. A OMC está desempenhando um papel relevante no combate à pandemia e também em relação às medidas econômicas relacionadas à pandemia”.
Fonte: Comex do Brasil


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